The Python language has a feature called Generator Expressions which were introduced with PEP 289. You can think of them as a better way of doing certain operations involving lists. This post is more interested in the memory benefits the feature provides. We will first introduce the memory_profiler tool which can be used to measure the memory usage of a python program. We will then compare two different pieces of code (one with and the other without generator expressions) which perform the same operation, explaining why one is more superior than the other. Finally, we will run a few experiments to demonstrate and prove our assertion.

When we talk about measuring the memory usage of python code, we are usually interested in determining memory expense on a line-by-line basis. The memory_profiler tool ( ref: https://github.com/pythonprofilers/memory_profiler ) is ideal for this purpose. Here is example code of how it can be used,

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11  from memory_profiler import profile @profile def my_func(): a = [1] * (10 ** 6) b = [2] * (2 * 10 ** 7) del b return a if __name__ == '__main__': my_func() 

Executing the above will return the following output,

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8  Line # Mem usage Increment Line Contents ================================================ 22 34.1 MiB 34.1 MiB @profile 23 def my_func(): 24 41.8 MiB 7.7 MiB a = [1] * (10 ** 6) 25 194.2 MiB 152.4 MiB b = [2] * (2 * 10 ** 7) 26 41.8 MiB -152.3 MiB del b 27 41.8 MiB 0.0 MiB return a 

The above clearly shows that one assignment statement is more expensive than the other as well as indicating that the delete operation actually recovers some memory back.

What exactly is a Python generator expression? According to PEP 289, they are a high performance, memory efficient generalization of list comprehensions. That definition is a bit much for my tastes, so let’s just jump into an example;

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12  from memory_profiler import profile @profile(precision=4) def my_test_function(): THE_LIMIT = 10000 PP = sum(x * x for x in range(THE_LIMIT)) a = 1 NN = sum([x * x for x in range(THE_LIMIT)]) b = 1 if __name__ == '__main__': my_test_function() 

Pay attention to the assingments to PP and NN. We calculate the sum of squares of all numbers upto a limit for both of them, but the implementation is a bit different. In the latter case, a temporary list is created which holds all the squares we need. The sum is calculated over this list. But with the former situation, no such temporary list is created. The sum gets incremented during each iteration of the for-loop. It feels very intuitive that one method will use more memory than the other. Executing the code confirms our hypothesis,

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  Line # Mem usage Increment Line Contents ================================================ 13 34.2031 MiB 34.2031 MiB @profile(precision=4) 14 def my_test_function(): 15 34.2031 MiB 0.0000 MiB THE_LIMIT = 10000 16 34.2031 MiB 0.0000 MiB PP = sum(x * x for x in range(THE_LIMIT)) 17 34.2031 MiB 0.0000 MiB a = 1 18 34.5898 MiB 0.3867 MiB NN = sum([x * x for x in range(THE_LIMIT)]) 19 34.5898 MiB 0.0000 MiB b = 1 

A most interesting things happens however, if were were to increase our limit by a factor of 10;

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  Line # Mem usage Increment Line Contents ================================================ 13 33.8555 MiB 33.8555 MiB @profile(precision=4) 14 def my_test_function(): 15 33.8555 MiB 0.0000 MiB THE_LIMIT = 100000 16 33.8555 MiB 0.0000 MiB PP = sum(x * x for x in range(THE_LIMIT)) 17 33.8555 MiB 0.0000 MiB a = 1 18 37.7578 MiB 0.4219 MiB NN = sum([x * x for x in range(THE_LIMIT)]) 19 34.2773 MiB -3.4805 MiB b = 1 

Very strangely, the assignment to b recovers memory from the system! This troubled me a lot - it didn’t make sense that a random assignment statement should recover memory from our running application. Initially, I began to suspect that memory_profiler was flawed - that investigation led me down a very deep rabbit hole which I may write about another time. But, for the purposes of this post, I do have an explanation for the above behaviour - the Python Garbage Collector! With a limit of 100000, the temporary list kept triggering garbage collection and memory_profiler dutifully reports the system state as such.

All-in-all, I’m satisfied with how this analysis turned out - the fact that generator expressions do save memory and that it’s possible to prove the fact!